Preparing Hives for Winter in South Africa
This article is part of our complete guide to Starting Beekeeping in South Africa.
Winter conditions vary across South Africa, but cold, wet weather and declining forage affect colonies everywhere.
Preparing hives properly before winter ensures survival, reduces losses, and sets the stage for a strong spring build-up.
Why Winter Prep Matters
- Bee activity slows and brood rearing declines
- Cold temperatures make it hard to collect food or water
- Queen health and colony size are tested
When to Start
Start preparing in April or early May before cold fronts arrive. In colder areas like the Highveld, aim to finish by mid-May.
Key Winter Prep Tasks
1. Assess Colony Strength
- Inspect for brood pattern, population size, and queen presence
- Combine weak colonies (less than 3 frames of bees) with strong ones
2. Feed When Necessary
- If hive weight is light, feed sugar syrup (2:1 ratio)
- Offer dry sugar or fondant on top bars in colder areas
- Use pollen substitute if no pollen is available
3. Protect the Hive
- Reduce entrances to keep out wind, robbers and pests
- Tilt the hive forward slightly so rain drains off
- Ensure lids are tight and boxes have no gaps
- Move hives out of flood-prone areas
4. Remove Empty Equipment
- Take off supers that are not in use
- Remove damaged or unused frames
- Store equipment in a dry, rodent-free place
5. Check for Pests and Disease
- Treat for varroa mites or beetles before brood stops
- Destroy comb with signs of foulbrood
- Keep hives clean and dry to avoid fungal infections
6. Provide Water
- Bees still need water on warm days
- Use a shallow tray with stones near the apiary
Regional Notes
- Highveld and Free State: Severe cold, fewer flying days. Use insulation where needed.
- KwaZulu-Natal: Milder winters but rain and wind can cause damp hives.
- Western Cape: Rainy winters with limited nectar—supplement feed early.
Final Thoughts
Good winter preparation protects your investment and ensures bees emerge ready to build up for spring.
Monitor hive weight, reduce exposure, and maintain queen-right colonies for the best chance of survival and productivity.